Part II. The journal system
Lesson 9. Diphthongs
A diphthong is a vowel plus a glide (unstressed i/y or u) in one syllable.
Rising: ia, ie, io, ua, ue, uo, iu, ui
The i or u is a mark on the letter before. Then ي or و carries the next vowel:
- bien · بِيَانْ: b with kasra, then ي carrying e.
- bueno · بُوَانُ: b with ḍamma, then و carrying e.
- cuando · كُوَنْدُ, Dios · دِيُسْ, ciudad · ثِيُدَدْ.
This is the pattern Wikipedia gives for the manuscripts, and the original sheet's Galicia follows it. I haven't confirmed it in Galmés's table, which doesn't cover diphthongs. [unverified]
Falling: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
The vowel, then ي or و with sukūn: hoy · أُيْ, rey · رَّايْ, aire · أَيْرَا, eu · أَاوْ, pouco · بُّوْكُ. [course rule], extended from the original sheet's eu and ou.
Between two vowels
An i or u between two vowels is a consonant: praia · بّْرَيَ, mayo · مَيُ.
Exercises 9
- tierra
- puerta
- agua
- seis
- causa
- cuidado
- noite
- Read نِيَابَا.
Answers
- tierra · تِيَارَّ
- puerta · بُّوَارْتَ
- agua · أَغُوَ
- seis · سَايْسْ
- causa · كَوْسَ
- cuidado · كُوِدَدُ
- noite · نُيْتَا
- nieve · نِيَابَا